Illuminating Inclusiveness: Promoting Electrification for an Inclusive Energy Transition: The Role of Off-Grid Solar Systems
Abstract: The lack of electrification presents a significant obstacle to achieving multiple development goals. Off-grid solar systems offer a viable solution to increase electrification rates and reduce reliance on fossil fuels in the Global South. While extensive research has focused on the technological and economic effectiveness of solar energy in this region, limited attention has been given to the human, social, and environmental impacts of these systems. Hence, this study aims to explore the potential of off-grid solar systems in promoting an inclusive energy transition, with a focus on electrification of rural communities in Kenya. The research contributes to the energy transition scholarship by challenging the dominant narrative on transitions away from high-carbon technologies, emphasizing the importance of acknowledging contextual factors and local energy priorities. Recognizing the interconnectedness between electricity and human development, this research employs the theory of Inclusive Development, along with the concepts of access and allocation, to examine the social, ecological, and relational inclusiveness of off-grid solar systems. A case study design of Kenya, comprising interviews found that the inclusivity of these systems depends on several factors: the accessibility, quality, stability, and reliability of power; affordability and productive use; allocation of responsibilities and risks; and environmental impacts, including options for repair, refurbishing, and recycling hazardous waste. The central claim is that the current off-grid solar landscape in Kenya fails to address the underlying systemic causes of exclusive electrification, thereby limiting an inclusive energy transition. The study recommends conditions to enhance inclusive electrification access through off-grid solar systems, and outlines requirements for allocation of resources, responsibilities and risks associated with the systems. Policy makers, financiers, solar producers and end-users should consider these identified factors when designing pathways to inclusive electrification.