Unveiling Shadows: The Role of Lobbying Transparency Measures in Reinforcing Power Imbalances between Fossil Fuel and Green Interests Groups
Abstract: Lobbying in Brussels is essential to the democratic system, allowing interest groups to communicate with policymakers. However, without appropriate safeguards, lobbies with the greatest financial resources can exert undue influence on the political process, potentially to the detriment of the public interest. This issue is particularly concerning given the EU’s economic ties to the fossil fuel industry, especially when the International Panel for Climate Change advises phasing out fossil fuels. This thesis examines inconsistencies in European Parliament lobbying transparency legislation—specifically the Agreement on the Mandatory Transparency Register, the European Parliament’s Rules of Procedure, and the Code of Conduct. These inconsistencies exacerbate power imbalances between fossil fuel interest groups and environmental advocacy groups, affecting EU climate legislation outcomes. The analysis identifies three primary issues. Firstly, the Joint Transparency Register, platform providing all lobbying information, lacks standardization and user-centered design, leading to minimal use by Members of the European Parliament. Ultimately, this makes the more resourceful fossil fuel interest groups with well-presented websites more credible. Secondly, certain entities, such as national and regional governmental groups, are exempt from transparency rules and codes of conduct that apply to all interest groups. This exemption creates risks of undue influence, perpetuating an imbalance between fossil fuel interest groups and green groups, as often national representations rather defend their industry than climate change. Thirdly, the revolving door, where individuals transition between roles in lobbying and legislative positions, poses significant conflicts of interest. Although both categories might benefit from this revolving door, fossil fuel interest groups possess broader networks, potentially leading to more extensive influence. These findings suggest that existing transparency measures accentuate power disparities between fossil fuel and green groups, occasionally resulting in climate legislation that favours fossil fuel interests. Addressing these deficiencies is crucial for fostering balanced and effective climate governance in the EU.